初一应掌握的英语语法，谢谢

词法1、名词A)、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下:一)在后面加s。如: fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas二) x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如: boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三) 1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es如: baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties,comedy-comedies, documenta ry-documentaries, story-stories2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如: day-days, boy-boys, toy -toys, key-keys, ways四)以o结尾加s (外来词)。如: radios, photos,但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如: knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六)单复数相同(不变的)有: fish, sheep, deer鹿子，Chinese, Japanese七)一 般只有复数，没有单数的有: people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks八)单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有: police 警察局，警察, class班，同学,family家，家庭成员九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后-一个单词。如: action movie-action movies, penpal-penpals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:mandoctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers十)有的单复数意思不同。如: fish鱼fishes鱼的种类, paper纸papers报纸，卷子，论文,work工作works 作品，工厂, glass玻璃glasses 玻璃杯，眼镜，orange 桔子水oranges 橙子，light光线lights 灯, people人peoples 民族，time 时间times 时代，次数, chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。 如: Is(I’ s), Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如: IDs, VCDs, SARs十二)特 殊形式的有: child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-micepoliceman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB)名词的格当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:一)单数在后面加’s。如: brother’ s, Mike’s, teacher’s二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如: Teachers'Day教师节，classmates’; Children’sDay 六一节， Women’sDay 三八节三)由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一-人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:MikeandBen’sroom迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike's and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)2、代词项目人称代词物主代词指示代词反身代词人称主格宾格形容词名词性第一人称单数|me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数youyou your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数she her her hers herselfhe him his his himselfit it its its this that itself复数they them their theirs these those themselves3、动词A)第三人称单数当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s一 般在词后加s。 如: comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains一)一般在词后加s.如：来了，咒语，等待，交谈，看见，跳舞，火车二)在x,sh,ch, s, tch后加es。如: watches, washes, wishes, finishes二)在x，sh，ch，s，tch后加es.如：手表，洗涤，愿望，完成三) 1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。 如: study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries(三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es.如：学习-学习，快速-匆忙，尝试-尝试2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如: plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s.如：玩，说，留下，享受，买四)以o结尾加es。如: does, goes四)以o结尾加es.如：真的吗？五)特殊的有: are-is, have-has五)特殊的有：是的，有的B)现在分词(B)现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下:当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：一)一 般在后加 ing。如: spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing,一)一般在后加ing.如：拼写-拼写，唱歌，看-看，训练，玩，hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing快，快二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。 如: dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking,二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing.如：跳舞，醒着，带着，practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having练习-练习，写-写，有-拥有三)以重读闭音节结尾且一一个元音字母十一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show三)以重读闭音节结尾且一一个元音字母十一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如秀showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如: put-putting, run-running,(显示，绘图)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：放，跑，get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning得到-获取，让-释放，开始-开始四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如: tie-tying 系die-dying 死lie-lying 位于四)以ie结尾的变ie ie为y再加ing。如：系领带系死掉的死撒谎的位于4、形容词的级4、形容词的级我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式.构成如下：般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。 如: greater-greatest, shorter般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st.)如：更大-最大，更短shortest, taller - tallest, longer一longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest最短，更高-最高，更长一最长，更好-最好，更大-最大二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母十1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母十1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如Site-最少)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如: big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter 结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加ER/EST.如：大的，最大的，红的，红的，热的hottest最热三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如: happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest,三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/EST.如：快乐-最幸福，最抱歉-最难过，friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest友好-友好-最友好(更友好，最友好)，忙碌-最忙，最容易-最容易四)特殊情况: (两好多坏，一少老远)(四)特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill 一worse worstlittle- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、数词(基变序，有规则;二、三，自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth,thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth二、句式1.陈述句肯定陈述句a) This is a book. (be动词)b) He looks very young. (连系动词)c}1 want a sweat like this. (实义动词)d)1 can bring some things to school. (情态动词)e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)否定陈述句a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice.c) Kate doesn't go to No.4 Middle School. d) Kate can't find her doll.e) There isn'ta cat here. (=There's no cat here.) 2.祈使句肯定祈使句a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!c) Come in, please.否定祈使句a) Don’tbe late. b) Don’t hurry.3.疑问句1)一般疑问句 a)Is Jim a student?b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.否定回答:a)No, he isn’t. b)No, youcan’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, sheisn’t.2)选择疑问句Is the table big or small?回答It’ s big./lt’s small.3)特殊疑问句①问年龄How old is Lucy? She is twelve.②问种类What kind of movies do you like? | like action movies and comedies.③问 身体状况How is your uncle? He is well/fine.④问方式How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you?⑤问原因Why do you want to join the club?⑥问时间What’ s the time? (=What time isit?)It’ s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you usua ly get up, Rick? At five o' clock.When do you want to go? Let's go at 7:00.⑦问地方 Where' s my backpack?It’s under the table.⑧问颜色What color are they? They are light blue.What' s your favourite color? It's black.⑨问人物Who’s that?It' s my sister.Who is the boy in blue ? My brother.Who isn't at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?0问东西What’s this/that (in English)?It’s a penil case.What else can you see in the picture? | can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.What's your first name? My first name's Ben.What's your family name? My family name's Smith.12问哪一个Whichdoyoulike?|likeoneinthebox.13问字母What letter is it?It’s big D/small f.14问价格How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.15问电话号码What’s your phone number?It’s 576-8349.16问谓语(动作) What’ s he doing? He’ s watching TV.17问职业(身份) What do youdo?I’m a teacher.What's your father? He's a doctor.三、时态1、一般现在时表示 普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时， 它有: .Be动词: She’ sa worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.情态动词: | can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.行为动词: They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’twant to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn' t have a watch.2、现在进行时表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sbbev-ingsth+其它.I'm playing baseball. Are you playing basebal!? I'm not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn't writing a letter.They' re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren't listening to thepop music.